Selected and compiled by Jacquelyn Coughlan, M.S., M.L.S.

Abu-Sahlieh, S. A. (1994). To mutilate in teh name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of male and female circumcision. Medicine and Law, 13, 575-622.

Adams, K. E. (2004, Summer). What's "normal": Female genital mutilation, psychology, and body image. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 59(3), 168-170.

Adeyemo, S.A. (2003). The cultural and socio-psychological implications of female circumcision. Psychology & Education: An Interdsciplinary Journal, 40(1):50-54.

Adinma, J. B., & Agbai, A. O. (1999). Practice and perceptions of female genital mutilation among Nigerian Igbo women. Journal of Obstetrics adn Gynecology, 19(1), 44.

Ahmed, S. (1996, May). Leaving the female body intact. Nursing New Zealand, 2(4), 20-21.

Ahlberg, B. M., Krantz, I., Lindmark, G., & Warsame, M. (2004). 'It's only a tradition': Making sense of eradication interventnions and the persistence of female 'circumcision' within a Swedish context. Crictical Social Policy, 24, 50-78.

Almroth, L., Almroth-Berggren, V., Hassanein, O. M., Al-Said, S. S., Hassan, S. S., et al. (2001). Male complications of female gential mutilation. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 1455-1460.

Althaus, F. A. (1997). Female circumcision: Rite of passage or violation of rights. International Family Planning Perspectives, 23, 130-133.

Anuforo, P. O., Oyedele, L., & Pacquiao, D. F. (2004). Comparative study of meanings, beliefs, and practices of female circumcision among three Nigerian tribes in the United States and Nigeria. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(2), 103-113.

Antonazzo, M. (2003). Problems with criminalizing female genital cutting. Peace Review, 15(4), 471-477.

Anuforo, P. Q., Oyedele, L., & Pacquiao, D. F. (2004, April). Comparative study of meanings, beliefs, and practices of female circumcision amonf three Nigerian tribes in the United States and Nigeria.

Arbesman, M., Kahler, L., & Buck, G.M. (1993). Assessment of the impact of female circumcision on the gynecological, genitourinary and obstetrical health problems of women from Somalia: Literature review and case series. Women & Health, 20, 27-42.

Bashir, L. M. (1997, February). Female genital mutilation: Balancing intolerance of the practice with tolerance of culture. Journal of Women's Health: The Officila Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research, 6(1), 11-14.

Berggren, V., Salam, G. A., Bergstrom, S., Johansson, E., & Edberg, A. (2004). An explorative study of Sudanese midwives' motives, perceptions and experiences of re-infibulation after birth. Midwifery, 20, 299-311.

Black, J. A., & Debelle, G. D. (1995). Female genital mutilation in Britain. British Medical Journal, 310, 1590-1592.

Blust, L. C. (1999, January). Chastity of the flesh. Health and societal issues in female circumcision. Advance for Nurse Practitioners, 7(1), 57-58.

Boyle, E. H., McMorris, B. J., & Gomez, M. (2002). Local conformity to international norms: The case of female genital cutting. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 329-343.

Brady, M. (1999). Female genital mutilation: Complications and risk of HIV transmission. AIDS Patient Care and Stds, 13, 709-716.

Burstyn, L. (1995). Female circumcision comes to America. Atlantic Monthly, 276(4), 28-35.

Calder, B. L., Brown, Y. M., & Rae, D. I. (1993). Female circumcision/genital mutilation: Culturally sensitive care. Health Care for Women International, 14, 227-238.

Caldwell, J. C., Orubuloye, I. O., & Caldwell, P. (2000). Female genital mutilation: Conditions of decline. Population research and Policy Review, 19, 233-254.

Cameron, J., & Rawlings-Anderson, K. (2001). Women's issues. Female circumcision and episiotomy: Both mutilation? British Journal of Midwifery, 9, 137-142.

Campbell, C. C. (2004, July-August). Care of women with female circumcision. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 49(4), 364-365.

Chalmers, B., & Hashi, K. O. (2000, December). 432 Somali women's birth experiences in Canada after earlier female genital mutilation. Birth, 27(4), 227-234.

Chelala, C. (1998). An alternative way to stop female genital mutilation. The Lancet, 352, 126-126.

CIRP: Circumcision Information and Resource Pages. This web site provides information about all aspects of genital surgery known as circumcision.Retrieved October 21, 2004, from www.cirp.org

Cronin, A. M., Anders, B., & Moore, M. J. (1996, April). Latino belief of alleged medical procedure. The Western Journal of Medicine, 164(4), 364-365.

Daley, A. (2004). Caring for women who have undergone genital mutilation. Nursing Times, 100(26), 32-35.

Daley, A. (2004). Female genital mutilation: Consequences for midwifery. British Journal of Midwifery, 12, 292-298.

Davis, G., Ellis, J., Hibbert, M., Perez, R. P., & Zimbelman, E. (1999, January). Female circumcision: The prevalence and nature of the ritual in Eritrea. Military Medicine, 164(1), 11-16.

Dawson, M. T., & Amezquita, R. (1998, August). A case of cultural misunderstanding. Autralian Family Physician, 27(8), 669-670.

Dirie, M. A., & Lindmark, G. (1991). Female circumcision in Somalia and women's motives. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 70, 581-585.

Dirie, M. A., & Lindmark, G. (1992, September). The risk of medical complications after female circumcision. East African Medical Journal, 69(9), 479-482.

Dorkenoo, E. (1994). Cutting the rose: Female genital mutilation. London, UK: Minority Rights Group.

El Dawla, A. S. (1999). The political and legal struggle over female genital mutilation in Egypt: Five years since the ICPD. Reproductive Health Matters, 7, 128-136.

El-Defrawi, M. H., Lotfy, G., Dandash, K. F., Rafaat, A. H., & Eyada, M. (2001). Female genital mutilation and its psychosexual impact. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 465-473.

El-Gibaly, O., Ibrahim, B., Mensch, B. S., & Clark, W. H. (2002, January). The decline of female circumcision in Egypt: Evidence and interpretation. Social Science & Medicine, 54(2), 205-220.

El-Tom, A. O. (1998). Female circumcision and ethnic identification in Sudan with special reference to the Berti of Darfur1. GeoJournal, 46(2), 163-170.

Elwood, A. (2005). Female genital cutting, 'circumcision' and mutilation: Physical, psychological and cultural perspectives. Contemporary Sexuality, 39(1), i.

Eyega, Z., & Conneely, E. (1997, Fall). Facts and fiction regarding female circumcision/female genital mutilation: A pilot study in New York City. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 52(4), 174-178, 187.

Female Genital Mutilation. Internet-Based Resources. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/fc/fcwebfgm.htm

Fourcroy, J. L. (1998, July). The three feminine sorrows. Hospital Practice, 33(7), 15-16, 21.

Fox, E. (1998, March). Female genital mutilation protocol for clinical staff. Womens Health Newsletter, (36), 6.

Gelfand, D. E., Balcazar, H., Parzuchowski, J., & Lenox, S. (2004). Issues in hospice utilization by Mexicans. The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23(1), 3-19.

Gibeau, A. M. (1998, January-February). Female genital mutilation: When a cultural practice generates clinical and ethical dilemmas. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 27(1), 85-91.

Gordon, D. (1991). Female circumcision and genital operations in Egypt and Sudan: A dilemma for medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 5, 3-14.

Grassivaro-Gallo, P., & Viviani, F. (1992). The origin of infibulation in Somalia: An ethological hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 253-265.

Gruenbaum, E. (1996, December). The cultural debate over female circumcision: The Sudanese are arguing this one out for themselves. Medical Anthropological Quarterly, 10(4), 455-475.

Han, E. L. (2001). Legal and non-legal responses to concerns for women's rights in countries practicing female circumcision. In Debating women's equality (pp. 201-223). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Heatherly, J. (2000, March). Transcultural nursing and female circumcision. Canadian Operating Room Nursing Journal, 18(1), 7-12.

Horowitz, C. R., & Jackson, J. C. (1997, August). Female "circumcision": African women confront American medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Prmiary Care Internal Medicine, 12(8), 491-499.

Islam, M. M., & Uddin, M. M. (2001). Female circumcision in Sudan: Future prospects and strategies for eradication. International Family Planning Perspectives, 27(2), 71-76.

Jackson, E. F., Akweongo, P., Sakeah, E., Hodgson, A., Asuru, R., & Phillips, J. F. (2003). Inconsistent reporting of female genital cutting status in Northern Ghana: Explanatory factors and analytical consequences. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 200-210.

James, S. M., & Robertson, C. C. (2004, February). Sorting out misunderstandings: Genital cutting and transnational sisterhood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(1), 2-3.

Johansen, R. E. (2002, September). Pain as a counterpoint to culture: Toward an analysis of pain associated with infibulation among Somali immigrants in Norway. Medical Anthropoloy Quarterly, 16(3), 312-340.

Johnsdotter, S. (2003). Somali women in western exile: Reassessing female circumcision in the light of Islamic teachings. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23 (2), 361-373.

Johnson, K.E., Rodgers, S. (1994). When cultural practices are health risks: The dilemma of female circumcision, Holistic NursingPractice, 8(2), 70-78.

Jones, W. K., Smith, J., Kieke, B. Jr., & Wilcox, L. (1997, September-October). Female genital mutilation. Female circumcision. Who is at risk in the U.S.?. Public Health Reports, 112(5), 368-377.

Kamien, M., & Gubbay, S. S. (1999, September). Female genital mutilation and the use of unsighted references. The Medical Journal of Australia, 171(6), 336.

Lane, S. D., & Rubinstein, R. A. (1996, May-June). Judging the other: Responding to traditional female genital surgeries. The Hastings Center Report, 26(3), 31-40.

Leonard, L. (2000). Interpreting female genital cutting: Moving beyond the impasse. Annual Review of Sex Research, 11, 158-191.

Levin, T. (2003). Female genital mutilation and human rights. Comparative American Studies, 1, 285-316.

Lightfoot-Klein, H. (1989). An odyssey into female genital mutilation in Africa. New York: Haworth Press.

Lightfoot-Klein, H. (1989). The sexual experience and marital adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan. The Journal of Sex Research, 26, 375-392.

Lightfoot-Klein, H., & Shaw, E. (1991). Special needs of ritually circumcised women patients. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 20, 102-107.

Little, C. (2003). Female Genital Circumcision: Medical and cultural considerations. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 10(1), 30-34.

Leval, A., Widmark, C., Tishelman, C., & Maina Ahlberg, B. (2004, September). The encounters that rupture the myth: Contradictions in midwives' descriptions and explanations of circumcised women immigrants' sexuality. Health Care for Women International, 25(8), 743-760.

McCaffrey, M., Jankowska, A., & Gordon, H. (1995). Management of female genital mutilation: The Northwick Park Hospital experience. British Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 102, 787-790.

McCleary, P. H. (1994). Female genital mutilation and childbirth: A case report. Birth, 21, 221-223.

Megafu, V. (1983). Female ritual circumcision in Africa: An investigation of the presumed benefits among Igbos of Nigera. East African Medical Journal, 40, 11.

Moller, B. R., & Hansen, U. D. (2003, July). Foreign bodies as a complication of female genital mutilation. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 23(4), 449-450.

Momoh, C. (2001, November). Most of the women have been circumcised and I am concerned as there are several little girls approaching the age of circumcision. Nursing Times, 97(45), 35.

Momoh, C. (2004). Female genital mutilation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 16, 477-480.

Morison, L. A., Dirir, A., Elmi A., Warsame, J., & Dirir, S. (2004, February). How experiences and attitudes relating to female cirsumcision vary according to age on arrival in Britain: A study among Somalis in London. Ethnicity & Health, 9(1), 75-100.

Morris, R.(1996). The culture of female circumcision. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(2), 43-53.

Morris, R. I. (1999, March). Female genital mutilation: Perspectives, risks, and complications. Urologic Nursing, 19(1), 13-19.

Mwangi, R., & Smith-Stoner, M. (2002, Jaunary). Caring for the partient who has undergone female circumcision. Home Healthcare Nurse, 20(1), 30-35.

My Medicines. My Medicines brochure is a easy-to-read pamphlet and medicine-tracking chart to learn about taking medicines correctly. Retrieved September 17, 2004, from http://www.fda.gov/womens/taketimetocare/mymeds.html

Nelson, D., (1994, March). What;s wrong with female circumcision?. Cape Breton Post (Cape Breton Post [microform]), 16, 1.

Ng, F. (2000, January). Female genital mutilation; Its implication for reproductive health. An overview. The British Journal of Family Planning, 26(1), 47-51.

Nour, N. M. (2004, April). Female genital cutting: Clinical and cultural guidelines. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 59(4), 272-279.

Ntiri, D.W. (1993). Circumcision and health among rural women of Southern Somalia as part of a family life survey. Health Care for Women International, 14, 215-226.

Obermeyer, C. M. (1999). Female genital surgeries: The known, the unknown, and the unknowable. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 13, 79-106.

Obermeyer, C. M. (2003, September). The health consequences of female circumcision: Science, advocacy, and standards of evidence. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 17(3), 394-412.

Office of the Senior Coordinator for International Women's Issues. (2001). Prevalence of the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM); Laws prohibiting FGM and their enforcement; Recommendations on how to best work to eliminate FGM. Retrieved September 12, 2005, from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/9424.pdf

PATH is an international, nonprofit, nongovernmental organization. This site has a bibliography of Harmful Traditional Health Practices in Reproductive Health. Retrieved December 16, 2004 from http://www.rho.org/html/hthps_bibliography.htm.

Prevalence of the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM); Laws prohibiting FGM and their enforcement; recommendations on how to best work to eliminate FGM. (2001). Retrieved December 17, 2004 from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/9424.pdf

RAINBO. Research, Action & Information Network for Bodily Integrity of Women. Bureau of Women's Health. Retrieved 21, 2004, from www.rainbo.org

Reichert, G. A. (1998, June). Female circumcision. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) Lifelines, 2(3), 28-34.

Richards, D. (2000, Winter). Controversial Issues: Female genital mutilation. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 19(4), 79-88.

Rizvi, S.A., Naqvi, S. A., Hussain, M., & Hasan, A. S. (1999, January). Religious circumcision: A Muslim view. British Journal of Urology International, 85(Suppl 1), 13-16.

Rushwan, H. (2000). Female genital mutilation (FGM) mangagement during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics,70, 99-104.

Shell-Duncan, B. (2001). The medicalization of female circumcision: Harm reduction or promotion of a dangerous practice. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1013-1028.

Shell-Duncan, B., & Hernlund, Y. (2000). Female circumcision in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change. Boulder, CO: Lyne Reinner.

Spadacini, B., & Nichols, P. (1998). Campaigning against female genital mutilation in Ethiopia using popular education. Gender and Development, 6, 44-52.

Stewart, R. (1997). Female circumcision: Implications for North American nurses. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 35, 35-40.

Taylor, V. (2003, February). Female genital mutilation: Cultural practice or child abuse?. Paediatric Nursing, 15(1), 31-33.

Teare, P. (1998, July). Culture Shock. Nursing Times, 94(27), 34-35.

Toubia, N. (1994). Female circumcision as a public health issue. New England Journal fo Medicine, 331, 712-716.

Turone, F. (2004, January). Controversy surrounds proposed Italian alternative to female genital mutilation. British Medical Journal-Clinical Research Edition, 328(7434), 247.

Vangen, S., Johansen, R. E., Sundby, J., Traeen, B., & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2004, January). Qualitative study of perinatal care experiences among Somali women and local health care professionals in Norway. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 112(1), 29-35.

Vissandjee, B., Kantiebo, M., Levine, A., & N'Dejuru, R. (2003, February). The cultural context of gender, identity: female genital, excision and infibulation. Health Care for Women International, 24(2), 115-24.

Walker, L. R., & Morgan, M. C. (1995, August). Female circumcision: A report of four adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent, 17(2), 128-132.

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Wasunna, A. (2000).Towards redirecting the femal circumcision debate: legal, ethical and cultural considerations. McGill Journal of Medicine, 5(2), 104-110.

Whitehorn, J., Ayonrinde, O., & Maingay, S. (2002). Female genital mutilation: Cultural and psychological implications. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 17(2), 161-170.

Widmark, C., Tishelman, C., & Ahlberg, B. M. (2002, June). A study of Swedish midwives' encounters with infibulated African women in Sweden. Midwifery, 18(2), 113-125.

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Yount, K. M., & Balk, D. L. (2004). A demographic paradox: Causes and consequences of female genital cutting in northeastern Africa. Advances in Gender Research, 8, 199-249.